In a
post titled "What is a Christian Libertarian?" Acton Institute blogger Joe Carter attempts to define those who label themselves both Christian and Libertarian. He comes up with a total of five possible categorizations, ranging from those who don't really understand the terms, to those who just like the label, to what he labels as Type #1, which he describes thusly: "Type #1 Those who have developed a consistent philosophy in which libertarianism and Christianity are fully compatible." Of Type #1, he has this to say:
"Although I’m not sure I’ve ever met a Type 1—and I’m not sure it’s even possible—I believe this is the ideal use of the term.
Of course no one is going to be have a perfectly consistent religio-political worldview. But this should be our goal. And if we find that it’s nearly impossible to resolve the tensions between the two (as with Christian Marxism), then the intellectually respectable choice would be two abandon one or the other.
The trouble with being a Type 1 Christian libertarian is that it appears to limit the types of Christian views you can hold. For instance, I’m not sure it’s possible to be a politically consistent Catholic and politically consistent libertarian since the social doctrines of the Catholic Church are often antithetical to libertarian doctrines. (But I could be wrong.)"
Since I am both a Christian (of the born-again evangelical variety, no less), and a registered Libertarian, I'd like to attempt to demonstrate to Mr. Carter, as well as any others out there who are interested, why I believe that I am a Type #1, and that it is intellectually consistent.
First, it is necessary to begin with what Martin Luther called the "Two Kingdoms" approach, which Carter references in his post. According to Luther, God rules the kingdom of Earth through secular governance and the kingdom of Heaven through his divine grace. Key to the Two Kingdoms doctrine is the belief that human authority cannot coerce religious belief; true belief comes voluntarily and individually. Therefore, it is not within the purview of government to enforce spiritual laws; instead government's rightful place is to maintain the peace. Later political philosophers such as John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine have maintained that the proper purpose of government is to protect personal property and individual liberty, and that each individual must make his own moral choices beyond that line.
With this in mind, we can take a look at Libertarianism, and where it fits in with a Christian worldview. According to the Two Kingdoms mindset, Libertarianism can be a legitimate political choice for a Christian, provided that it does not have irreconcilable differences with Christianity (as Carter points out is definitely the case with Marxism). To do this, we can take a look at the general definition of Libertarianism. According to
libertarianism.com:
"Libertarianism is, as the name implies, the belief in liberty. Libertarians strive for a free, peaceful, abundant world where each individual has the maximum opportunity to pursue his or her dreams and to realize his full potential.
The core idea is simply stated, but profound and far-reaching in its implications. Libertarians believe that each person owns his own life and property, and has the right to make his own choices as to how he lives his life – as long as he simply respects the same right of others to do the same.
Another way of saying this is that libertarians believe you should be free to do as you choose with your own life and property, as long as you don't harm the person and property of others.
Libertarianism is thus the combination of liberty (the freedom to live your life in any peaceful way you choose), responsibility (the prohibition against the use of force against others, except in defense), and tolerance (honoring and respecting the peaceful choices of others)."
In general, libertarians support the rights of each individual to be guided by his or her own conscience, provided that each individual respects other individuals' rights to do the same. At heart, Libertarianism is an amoral political philosophy; beyond the promotion of personal liberty and private property rights, it neither promotes nor discourages any particular behavior. Instead, it supports the individual's right to abide by their own moral convictions. Where major parties attempt to enforce their moral code (Republicans wanting to ban drugs & prostitution, Democrats promoting forced wealth confiscation and redistribution), Libertarians believe that sexual morality and charity are areas best left to the individual and the private sector. This does not mean that we encourage prostitution and discourage helping the poor; it merely means that these are things that government should steer clear from.
There is, I think, a mistaken idea among many evangelicals that Libertarians support homosexuality, prostitution, abortion, drug use, and myriad other morally-objectionable behaviors. This is simply not the case. While many Libertarians may in fact support such behaviors as a personal matter, it is not the party or philosophy that supports such things; instead we leave such things to the individual. Therefore, while I may believe that homosexuality or prostitution is morally wrong, I can as a matter of public policy also contend that it is not government's role to regulate such things. (As an aside, the only area where I depart from the official Libertarian platform is the issue of abortion. Since I believe that life begins at conception, I believe that it is within the proper role of government to protect the life of the unborn. I would, however, point out that this standpoint is still intellectually consistent with the libertarian standpoint that government's proper role is the protection of life.)
Ultimately, Libertarianism is a political philosophy, not a moral worldview. Therefore, it is shared by people of many personal convictions, from the pothead, to the gay couple, to the married evangelicals in rural North Carolina (like me). These are people who would likely not get along at a dinner party, and may disagree vehemently about what is right and wrong, but who believe that "live and let live" is the best government philosophy.
And, really, isn't that what Jesus taught? Jesus did not come to Earth to establish a kingdom, and specifically forbade his disciples from attempting to do so. Instead, he encouraged personal morality and individual conversion. Make no mistake; Jesus taught a very specific moral code, but he did not attempt to force it on anyone. Instead, he allowed individuals to choose to follow him or not, and, by extension, to follow his moral directives or not. We can argue about whether the Libertarian model for government is the best, but I don't think that there is any question that it is compatible with a Christian worldview.